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In accordance with the stepped care model for common mental disorders, services have recently been developed in a way that service users are triaged into low- and high-intensity interventions according to their clinical presentations. In view of the prevalence, chronicity, and impairment of GAD, it is of public health interest to develop efficacious and cost-effective interventions. ![]() GAD predicts a 77% increase in premature mortality and cardiovascular deaths, and more than half of individuals with GAD are severely disabled. It is typical for patients to still be affected 6–12 years after onset, with only 14–39% of them attaining full recovery. In addition to anxiety, worry, and their associated distressing physical symptoms, more than 80% of individuals with GAD have a comorbid mental disorder, with major depressive disorder being the most common comorbidity. Its lifetime and 12-month prevalence rates are 3.7% and 1.8% respectively, with rates generally higher in higher-income countries. Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable anxiety and worry about everyday internal and external events. This systematic review protocol has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO record ID CRD42021285590). Future research comparing various LICBT subtypes and treatment components will further inform clinical practice. LICBT has shown promise as an effective and efficient treatment modality for individuals with generalised anxiety disorder. Between-study heterogeneity was significant on anxiety and worry, with no specific moderators identified by meta-regression. The adjusted effect sizes for reductions in anxiety ( g = -0.63), depression ( g = -0.48), and worry ( g = -0.64) were all in the medium range, favouring LICBT over control conditions. The three meta-analyses consisted of 12 (anxiety), 11 (depression), and 9 (worry) effect sizes respectively, including total sample sizes of 1201 (anxiety), 1164 (depression), and 908 (worry). The systematic review identified 12 RCTs out of 1205 papers. The study was reported following the PRISMA guidelines. ![]() ![]() Efficacy data for anxiety, depression, and worry outcomes were separately meta-analysed. MethodsĪ systematic literature review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) examining LICBT for generalised anxiety disorder in the last 23 years (2000–2023) was conducted. This meta-analysis aimed to synthesise effect sizes of three NICE-recommended LICBT for generalised anxiety disorder: non-facilitated self-help, guided self-help, and psychoeducational groups. However, LICBT for generalised anxiety disorder are markedly diverse and efficacy data on various outcomes have not been systematically reviewed. Low-intensity cognitive behavioural therapy (LICBT) has been recommended as a primary intervention in the tiered care for mild to moderate generalised anxiety disorder.
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